No Limits to Borrowing: the Case of Bai and Chinese
نویسندگان
چکیده
Based on the large amount of Chinese-related basic vocabulary in Bai, scholars like Benedict, Starostin and Zhengzhang have claimed a special phylogenetic proximity between Bai and Chinese. In this paper we show that the Chinese vocabulary in Bai is stratified, forming successive layers of borrowings. We identify three such layers, describing the sound correspondences which characterize each of them: two Mandarin layers, one local, one regional for modern words; and an early Chinese layer, acquired during a long and complex period of intimate contact between Bai and Chinese, beginning in Han times and terminating in Late Tang, altogether a millennium or so. This last layer is subdivided into several sublayers. The remaining part of the vocabulary forms the Bai indigenous layer, whose affiliation is clearly Sino-Tibetan, without having any particular proximity to Chinese. In particular, the numerals '1' and '2' have etymological connections among non-Chinese Sino-Tibetan languages such as Jingpo, Sulung and Tangut. The numerals above "2" are Chinese loanwords and even the numerals "1" and "2" have less colloquial variants of Chinese origin. Bai is of interest to comparative linguistics for the extraordinary amount of basic vocabulary it has borrowed from Chinese, all of it during the early period: 47% of the 100-Swadesh list. Résumé S'appuyant sur l'abondant vocabulaire de base commun au bai et au chinois, des auteurs comme Benedict, Starostin et Zhengzhang ont affirmé qu'il existe une proximité phylogénétique particulière entre ces deux langues. Nous montrons ici que le vocabulaire du bai est stratifié, et qu'il faut y distinguer trois couches chronologiques, dont nous décrivons les correspondances phonétiques avec le chinois. Les deux premières sont formées d'emprunts récents à deux variétés distinctes de mandarin du sud-ouest, l'une locale, l'autre régionale ; la troisième est une couche d'emprunts anciens, acquis au cours d'une longue période de contact d'environ un millénaire, de l'époque Han à la fin des Tang. Cette couche est elle-même subdivisée en plusieurs sous-couches. Le reste du vocabulaire forme la couche indigène : elle est d'affiliation clairement sino-tibétaine, mais sans proximité particulière avec le chinois. Notamment, les nombres "1" et "2" peuvent être comparés aux nombres correspondants en Jingpo, Sulung et en Tangoute. Les nombres au-dessus de "2" ont été empruntés au chinois, et même les nombres "1" et "2" ont des variantes littéraires d'origine chinoise. L'intérêt du Bai pour la linguistique comparative tient au nombre exceptionnel de mots du vocabulaire de base empruntés au chinois, depuis les Han jusqu'aux Tang : 47% de la liste de cent mots de Swadesh.
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تاریخ انتشار 2013